Design Life-Cycle

Tong Su

DES 40A

Professor Cogdell

Date: 2019/12/3

Life Cycle Paper- Chewing gun, Material part

Chewing gum is one of the oldest candies in the world. Archaeologists have discovered

that human ancestors loved to chew natural resins, long before historical records. This is the most

primitive "chewing gum." But in this paper, I will focus on modern chewing gum. The chewing

gum we eat today dates back to 1848. At the time, American John Curtis made the first chewing

gum for sale and processing. The materials used to make chewing gum today are mainly sugar,

syrup, seasonings, softeners and gum bases. I want to consider all the materials used throughout

the life of the product. Therefore, the outer packaging of chewing gum is also considered. based

on the chewing gum we choose, I will discuss it from the following aspects.

The first part that needs to be discussed is the material needed to make the gum itself.

Chewing gum is a kind of colloid based on natural gum or glycerin resin. And it is mainly

composed of the following parts:

Gum base:Gum base is obviously a very important raw material. Naturally available are Chicle

Gum, Jelutong Gum and Dammar Gum; synthetic: styrene-butadiene rubber, rosin, and

softening, filling, emulsifier . Gum base is kind of non-nutritive, non-digestible and water-

insoluble chewy solid. Used in the production of bubble gum and chewing gum to carry

sweeteners, flavors, and any other additive. It is the most basic chewing substance in chewing

gum and bubble gum. The gum base used to make bubble gum is different from the gum base

used to make chewing gum. The main function of the bubble gum base formula is blowing,

which contains advanced artificial rubber or high molecular polymers. Suitable gum bases for

non-acid flavors use calcium carbonate as a filler, while gum bases for acid flavors use talc as a

filler. Bubble gum usually contains 15-20% gum base, while chewing gum contains 20-25%,

sugarless gum generally has 25-30% gum base.

Sweeteners:In order to enrich the flavor of chewing gum, the highest level of refined sugar,

glucose, beet sugar and corn syrup are added to the production of conventional chewing gum.

The sugar makes the chewing gum sweet and makes it feel better. Corn syrup not only sweetens

the gum, but also makes it lasting, fresh and flexible. With the improvement of the food industry

technology, the natural sweeteners such as sucrose and glucose in gumdrops are gradually

replaced by functional sweeteners such as isomalto-oligosaccharide, xylitol, maltitol and D-

mannitol.

essence:The softness, hardness, extensibility and viscoelasticity of gum sugar depend on the

quality of the gum body on the one hand, and the flavor and fragrance interact with the gum base

on the other hand. The perfume used in gum sugar is mainly oil-soluble flavor, which has two

functions of softening and fragrant, and the added amount is 0.4-0.8%.

Softeners and plasticizers:A small amount of softening and plasticizing substances such as

natural wax, edible paraffin, microcrystalline wax, and hardened oil are often added to the gum

base. These materials are used in an appropriate amount when processing high molecular weight

gum bases, which can lower the softening point, increase elasticity and softness, and improve the

gum base structure.

Emulsifier:Gum base is a mixture of the hydrophilic gum base and lipophilic gum base, which

has certain adhesiveness, hardness, and elasticity. In order to obtain good quality gum, it is

necessary to add an appropriate amount of emulsifiers such as lecithin, glycerin, and sucrose to

the gum base. These are the basic ingredients needed to make a modern gum

After the raw material itself,the material used in Manufacturing, Processing, and

Formulation Also need to be considered. This part is mainly done in the factory. At the same

time, it is also necessary to consider the raw materials used in the packaging process. There are

many kinds of gum sugar, which are divided into chewing gum and bubble gum. The production

formulas of different enterprises are different. The basic composition is glue Base, sugar, spices,

etc. The concise production process is as follows:Gum base → heating softening → adding

auxiliary materials → stirring, extrusion, pressing → cooling, aging → forming → packaging.

The package is comprised of an outer cardboard sheath in which a clear plastic package. In

general, the outer surface of the cardboard will be pigmented and have a waxy surface. The raw

material of the carton is cardboard, and the raw material of cardboard is raw paper. There are

many materials that can be used for pulp, such as straw, wood, waste paper, wheat straw, etc.

After pulping these materials into pulp, and then pasting into a carton, the whole process is

completed.

The transportation process of the product also produces huge material consumption,

mainly involving the use of fossil energy. from the production of raw materials to assembly, and

finally to the mall, there will also be a lot of material consumption during this period. An

airplane train or car transports goods from the factory to the mall. So, this part will consume fuel,

which is chemical energy.

The handling of the gum residue is very simple. When you eat chewing gum, put out a

piece of chewing gum from the inner wrapper. After eating the chewing gum, spit it in the

wrapper, then we can wrap it in pocket or throw it in the rubbish bin. The fresh chewing gum

residue is also relatively simple to handle, but the dry chewing gum is difficult to handle when it

is stained with dust and penetrates into the interior of the object (especially into the fibers inside

the carpet and garment). As we said before, the main ingredients of chewing gum are sugar,

syrup, and gum base. The former two are soluble in water and will slowly dissolve with saliva

when chewing in the mouth. Therefore, the main thing that people spit after chewing is gum

base. The composition of the gum base is relatively complicated, mainly rubber and calcium

carbonate, which have strong adhesion, and that's why the chewing gum marks on the ground are

not easy to clean. Chewed gum degrades slowly and belongs to non-recyclable garbage, but the

outer packaging of chewing gum is recyclable garbage. So we should deal with them separately

when discarding them. Waste paper treatment is the process of reprocessing the recovered waste

paper to obtain qualified fibers for the production of paper products. The recycling and

utilization of waste paper are good for protecting the environment, protecting forests and saving

resources. Waste paper recycling The manufacture of recycled paper is the most widespread way

to use waste paper. It can be used not only to make recycled packaging paper, but also to make

recycled newsprint. This process includes the four processes of deinking, purification of paper

fibers, suction of ink and impurities, and then papermaking.

For thousands of years, people from different regional cultures have the habit of

"chewing gum". The ancient Greeks used resin to clean their teeth and ensure that their mouths

are fresh. Indians love to chew the juice of tree trunks, and the Mayans of Central America love

to chew chicle. Unlike the natural chewing gums of ancient times, most of the chewing gums we

use today are artificially synthesized.

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DUVAL GUILLAUME BRUSSELS NV Duval Guillaume Brussels

Tong Su

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Ricahrd huang

Professor Christina Cogdell

TA Dan Tran 

11-24-19

section 1

Chewing Gum Embodied Energy

Chewing gum is a type of snack food with a long history. It is generally composed of three parts: gum base, binding agent and filler. It is also called gum (bubble gum is also in this category). Oral hygiene is also accompanied by active facial functions. Materials are diverse and exist in many forms; according to different forms of material movement, humans also produce energy when they chew. Humans chew gum for a total of half an hour on average, but the process of transporting the material and the finished product of the gum is when it produces the most energy.

A method for preparing a gum-based edible chewing gum, comprising the steps of separately preparing a gum base and a linker, and mixing the gum base with the linker and adding a filler to make a chewing gum. The manufacturing process of the gum base includes: 1) The flour with a gluten content of more than 50%, gluten flour, and salt is made into a mixed flour according to a weight ratio of 85-9: 15-2: 1, and the hydrolyzed starch solution and insoluble gluten are prepared by washing; 2) The gluten is added with zein to make a mixture, the zein comes from a supernatant of 18-22 parts of corn flour extracted with ethanol based on 100 parts of the mixed flour; 3) the above gluten and corn Add 1-3 parts of oxalic acid to the prolamin mixture, adjust the pH of the mixture to 3-5, and acid digest at 25-40 ° C for 5-10 minutes; 4) neutralize with alkali and add chymotrypsin Protease, hydrolyzed at 25-40 ° C for 15-25 minutes, and then add an appropriate amount of sucrose, which is dehydrated by sugar flooding to make a gum base. The process for preparing zein includes extracting corn flour at a temperature of 40-50 ° C. for more than 0.5-1.5 hours with ethanol having a concentration of 50% or more, and removing the supernatant to remove the ethanol. The glue was heated to 140 ° C and kept at this temperature until a foamy structure was obtained. Then, the foamed kangel is mixed manually or through a mixer for 5 minutes.The energy used to transport the vehicle can be provided externally (eg, sailing boats, electric trains, trolleys) or carried on board (eg, cars, jet planes). In the 20th century, the internal combustion engine (ICE) became the main source of power for transport vehicles, replacing animal, wind and steam power. They have high energy density per volume and weight; (1) they are easy to handle and store because they are liquid under environmental conditions; and (2) oil resources have been in short supply for most of the 20th century. (3) They are relatively cheap. By the middle of the 20th century, oil provided 90% of energy for transportation and continued to grow at about the same percentage. The energy content of a gallon of gasoline is 124000 (btu. So when transporting the materials and finished products of chewing gum is when chewing gum needs the most energy in its lifetime.

The average gum consumption during the year is 160-180 per person. Such a large amount of consumption leads to a waste of 250,000 tons of tones, which can be cleaned up by spending a lot of money. Therefore, in many ways, it is of great significance to replace the artificial gum base with natural and biodegradable gums. Therefore, some chewing gum is made from gum base, which can be swallowed after chewing without causing environmental pollution. It can be called a green product, which has good social benefits. Edible (can be made into edible bubble gum suitable for children); 4) By adding different nutritional ingredients, a series of chewing gum products with different health functions can be made, which has a good prospect of economic benefits.

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 Adilene Valencia

Professor Cogdell

Des 40 A

4 December, 2019

Waste and Emissions

As you may know, chewing gum has become a daily habit for many people in the U.S. and other countries. Consumers of this product aren't aware of its founding or its waste effect on the environment as it is the second most common form of litter. In the 1860s, Thomas Adams invented the first Chewing gum manufactured of a substance called chicle, which is a form of rubber mixed with sugar and other flavoring. Chicle is a latex sap derived from the Sapodilla trees of Mexico and Central America. This natural latex is transformed into hard rubber by putting it into water and heating it. In other regions, mastic tree resin, aromatic twigs, and beeswax were their gum base. 

During the 1930's and 1940's, synthetic rubbers were invented to substitute natural rubber (chicle or natural latex) because they could no longer rely on that supply. There were no rubber plantations, and it would take thirteen to eight-teen years for a Sapodilla or Hevea tree to reach its mature height. Today many new chewing gums are made from a mixture of artificial and natural bases. In cases of using natural rubber, it is a minimum amount of 10- 20 percent and the rest is composed of some synthetic rubbers that are butadiene-styrene, polyethylene, or polyvinyl. These synthetic rubbers are characterized for its durability, flexibility, elastic, retain shape, and water-resistant. These polymers are usually in plastics, shoes, wires, etc. 

As of today, most gum manufacturing companies around the world have substituted natural rubber (chicle) with synthetic rubber or plastics for raw material, which does not biodegrade — causing tons of solid and airborne waste in the environment, as well as more energy consumption in the gum manufacturing process. As a result of more people being aware of chewing gums' environmental damage, there have been advancements regarding sustainability, such as manipulating gum to reuse and recycle it. The REV7, created by British scientists, is a sustainable and biodegradable substitute for chewing gum. Other reusable methods for chewed gum are specially designed waste containers known as the Gumdrop or Gummy Bin that help reduce solid waste.

Global warming has been an environmental issue for a long time caused by all the energy consumed in the life cycle of a product. From the process of creating the synthetic rubber to the end of the life cycle, emissions escape from factories and transportation machines. According to the report, "Impact of Plastics Packaging on Life Cycle Energy Consumption & Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States and Canada", if the categories of packaging such as caps and closures, beverage containers, carrier (shopping) bags, and other flexible packaging were to be replaced with recyclable materials in the U.S., it would require 80 percent more energy use and result in 1.3 times more global warming potential. Based on this same article, approximately 800 thousand of energy was consumed, including 1000 miles of transportation for the gum package delivery. "Many are unaware that plastics carry out these functions while at the same time conserving energy and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. This study clearly articulates these benefits to sustainability," said Carol Hochu, president and CEO of the CPIA. Carbon dioxide emissions are released during manufacturing in the factories and the recycling process. Within time, chewed gum makes its way into oceans and lakes, becoming part of the food chain as aquatic fish consume these pieces of gum that later gather into toxins. From the beginning of the gum manufacturing process, energy is applied in every part of its life cycle, including its raw materials. That then leads to waste outputs from each section.

The development of new synthetics in substitution for chicle (natural rubber) has created more waste outputs from the beginning of the lifecycle to the end. The change from natural rubber to synthetic has also lead to more energy waste in the manufacturing and distribution process. 

When it comes to synthetic rubber, the raw materials or the gum base is unknown due to it being the "secret ingredient," but the manufacturing process is the same. There is a waste of raw materials due to only high-quality ingredients being tested for purity and accepted in the manufacturing process. Chewing gum factories are known for being in perfectly clean conditions, which leads to all impurities and substances that don't meet the company's sanitary requirements to go to waste. If ingredients or raw materials don't pass several tests for texture and cleanliness, is rejected. To manufacture gum, it requires a specific temperature. These facilities get hot due to the drying process of chewing gum, so air conditioning is in need to be in standard industrial circumstances. Still, there is also a waste of energy from air conditioning.

Here we take into account that the manufacture and sale of this product is distributing in many countries. The gasoline utilized for transportation from receiving the raw materials to factories, to the then department stores. Specific numbers for how much airborne waste is released were not easy to find or calculate because many of these factories' locations are unknown and are all scattered. Energy-related Carbon Dioxide emissions release from combustion to power transportation machines. Another simple way gum is wasted during the transportation process is by people not throwing it in the trash or recycling and just leaving it on the ground, causing more misuse of energy and water when trying to remove gum from streets, walls, and underneath furniture.

According to the article "A Sticky Problem" by Custommade, it states that "Cities are also implementing gum receptacles to cut down on waste. In six months, these trash cans cut down on littered gum by 72 percent." Anna Bullus, founder of Gumdrop, states that the gumdrop bins prove to be a great success. In the first twelve weeks of the gumdrop product in use, it is capable of reducing gum litter up to 46 percent. Once a Gumdrop bin is full, it is then processed to manufacture Gum-tec that are everyday products we use. Examples of Gum-tec products are rulers, dog bowls, packaging, and even boots. Even though these products may not be appealing to some individuals, it has been a great benefit to better the environmental devastation we have been facing for the past years. Products like these may not seem to make a big difference, but in fact, they do taking into account chewing gum as the second most common form of litter. I assume that if more people contribute to the recycling process, there would be a significant decrease in solid waste, but not much change in airborne emissions. The demand for gum is still increasing and will need the same manufacturing procedure. It may release the same amount of carbon-dioxide emissions and before using these sustainable and biodegradable products. 

Substituting natural rubber with synthetic rubber has caused many environmental wastes. The packaging of gum is intended to be recycled as it is composed of paper, aluminum foil, and plastic. Although the packaging is manageably recycled, to do the same with chewing gum gets complicated as it is mixed with other elements in the trash, or it is not correctly placed in a bin. Products like Gumdrop or the Gummy bin are byproducts of chewed gum. These process and transform chewed gum into something else since it cannot be broken down. Creative people around the world have reused gum packaging, giving fun and useful ways for others to do as well. These types of "art projects" are known as DIY. Most gum manufacturing companies benefit from synthetic rubber as a replacement for natural rubber, but it tends to cause more solid waste because it takes more procedures to make it and more energy to manipulate those synthetic polymers into another substance.

Chewing gums' components in its life cycle release waste and pollute the environment. It has now been taken into account since it has caused a massive problem in society and the environment. Custommade states, "80–90 percent of chewing gum is not disposed of properly, and it's the second most common form of litter after cigarette butts." Littered Chewing gum is being found in fish that builds into toxins within time. Chewing gum of synthetic rubber is waterproof and does not dissolve. The only best option for chewing gum made of synthetic rubber is to remold it.

Polyisobutylene, as one of the main polymers in chewing gum base (synthetic rubber), is used as an engine lubricant and adhesive. It has also covered and killed birds after the BP oil spill. Ordinary chewing gum is not biodegradable due to it being made of synthetic polymers.

Since gum is manufactured of either natural or synthetic rubber, it cannot break down into small pieces during the mechanical process (chewing) like other food. Instead, humans excrete metabolic waste. 

In need of reducing wastes, Rev 7 was created is a sustainable substitute for chewing gum due to it containing an amphiphilic material, which has both water repellent and water-attracting characteristics, allowing it to dissolve in water and break up into fine powder. Another biodegradable product is the chicle based chewing gum, that is characterized for its natural rubber and original form of gum before artificial rubber. Regardless of how many times gum waste gets manipulated into another substance, its raw materials that are synthetic polymers (synthetic rubber) will always be present and not dissolve due to its long-lasting power. For example, if the rubber is frozen, all it does is stiffen up and will soften at a different temperature rate.

This life cycle analysis is another case of the general pattern for the chemical industrial innovation of synthetic materials. Here natural rubber was bypassed with synthetic rubber to produce more massive quantities of gum. Although synthetic rubber has qualities that benefit gum properties, it has become an issue with the environment producing tons of waste. The only solution to this product is adaptability to sustainable and biodegradable products like the Gumdrop, gummy bin, and the REV 7 gum to minimize environmental devastation. From this research, I was fascinated by how this perfectly fit into lecture nine: Rise of Chemical Industries. As a consumer, I never put thought into how such a small product wastes so much energy throughout its lifecycle. Especially because synthetic rubber cannot be broken down, there is additional energy consumption and waste in the production of reusable products. It was complicated to discover what the gum base is due to the company's not wanting to reveal the secret into making gum chewy. Gum base will be a mystery. It has had alterations within time, but at the end of the day, the demand for gum is high, but so is its long-lasting capacity in the environment.

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