Design Life-Cycle

 Trinh Nguyen

Jack Lowell, Hunter Boyenga

DES 40A

Professor Cogdell

3 June 2024

Statue of Liberty Raw Materials

The Statue of Liberty, donated to the United States by France, symbolizes the two countries' friendship and shared commitment to freedom and democracy. This statue, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and internally supported by a framework developed by Gustave Eiffel, honors the nation's independence while also serving as a worldwide emblem of freedom and optimism. In addition to symbolism, steel, copper, and iron are among the materials used to construct the Statue of Liberty. Understanding the environmental effect of these materials, from extraction and processing to transportation and final assembly, is critical to recognizing the statue's true value.

Steel

Steel, an adaptable alloy primarily made of iron and carbon, was heavily used in the construction of the Statue of Liberty. Britannica's "Statue of Liberty" (2024) Its attributes of strength, electrical conductivity, recyclability, and durability rendered it an ideal choice for various structural applications, including the statue's internal support. According to the Official Site of the State of New Jersey, steel played a significant role in the statue's construction, comprising 250,000 pounds or 125 tons of its total weight. This emphasizes the prominence of steel as the primary material, outweighing others despite potential weight equivalency (Thomas, n.d.). Crafted by blending iron ore or scrap metal with coking coal, steel is manufactured through processes of heating, molding, and cooling, resulting in a strong yet lightweight material suitable for large structures like the Statue of Liberty. Britannica's "Statue of Liberty" (2024) The statue's creation and assembly involved four massive steel supports, underscoring the pivotal role of steel in its structural integrity. Following production, steel components were shipped to the United States in pieces and assembled on-site, alongside copper sheets for the statue's outer skin.

Copper

Copper, like steel, is an important component in the construction of the Statue of Liberty. Copper is mined around the world from various ores using methods such as crushing and grinding, despite the environmental consequences, which include habitat destruction and pollution. Nonetheless, copper is critical for maintaining the statue's structural integrity and preventing galvanic reactions. Dirtstories' "Building the Statue of Liberty" (2020) explains how Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi sculpted Lady Liberty's copper exterior and Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel designed the steel framework to withstand New York City's strong winds, ensuring stability and longevity. Britannica's "Statue of Liberty" (2024) sheds light on the construction process, emphasizing the hand-hammering of copper sheets and their assembly over large metal handles. This meticulous process added to the statue's iconic appearance. Furthermore, the statue's exterior skin, which gives it its distinguishing greenish tint, is made up of copper sheets that are about 3/32 of an inch thick, totaling around 31 tons of copper (Scoboria, E. 2023). Also noted that the disassembly process was delicate since the copper skin was only 2.4 millimeters thick, thinner than two pennies (Scoboria, E. 2023). The copper sheets were first constructed in France, then dismantled, put into containers, and delivered over the Atlantic to the United States. The Copper Development Association Inc. paper, "Reclothing the First Lady of Metals - Repair Concerns," emphasizes the need for frequent inspections and maintenance to guarantee the statue's structural integrity and prevent galvanic interactions with the steel structure. This maintenance involves using mild cleaning solutions to remove contaminants, adding protective coatings to maintain the metallic surface, and performing routine inspections using modern technologies such as ultrasonic testing and drones. These procedures address possible concerns early on, assuring the statue's durability and visual attractiveness. Despite the environmental consequences of copper mining, its resilience and aesthetic value are critical to conserving this historic monument and inspiring future generations.

Iron

Iron, a critical component supporting the statue, is derived from limestone, ironstone, coke, and air. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, known for his work on the Eiffel Tower, designed the inner iron framework, which can withstand the weight of the copper pores and skin as well as environmental stresses (Scoboria, E. 2023). This framework, built with puddled iron, includes four supporting legs, nine horizontal support struts, and diagonal braces (Roto-Rooter). The extraction of iron involves processes such as magnetic separation or flotation to increase its iron content from ore, extracted via large open-pit mines or underground methods. Subsequently, in manufacturing, iron ore is combined with coke and limestone in blast furnaces. Here, carbon from coke reduces iron oxide to elemental iron, while limestone removes impurities. However, iron production poses significant environmental challenges, including deforestation, soil erosion, and high energy consumption, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and water pollution. Transportation of iron and other materials to America necessitates meticulous logistical planning, often utilizing large cargo vessels with complex supply chain management ensuring timely delivery to the construction site. Sustainable production practices are crucial for iconic structures like the Statue of Liberty. Maintenance involves utilizing various materials and chemical compounds, including specialized cleaners to remove dust and pollution without harming the surface, and protective coatings to prevent corrosion and weathering. According to the Copper Development Association Inc.'s "Reclothing the First Lady of Metals - Repair Concerns," the buildup of defensive coatings on the copper shell and iron armature deteriorated over time, forming pockets where moisture could accumulate, resulting in corrosion. Regular maintenance and reinforcement are essential to address wear and tear, along with proper waste disposal and the use of environmentally friendly products whenever feasible.

The Statue of Liberty is maintained using a variety of materials and chemicals to ensure its longevity. Protective coatings prevent rust and corrosion, cleaning agents remove pollutants and prevent deterioration, and regular replacements and repairs ensure structural integrity. For example, rusted iron is frequently replaced with steel to improve environmental resistance (Navarro, A. 2020). Metal production has a significant environmental impact, including increased carbon emissions and habitat degradation. To promote sustainable production and maintenance of the statue, it is critical to consider the entire lifecycle of the materials used. Procurement entails sourcing raw materials responsibly to reduce environmental damage. Manufacturing involves using energy-efficient processes to reduce carbon emissions. Transportation: Using environmentally friendly logistics to reduce the carbon footprint. Recycling: Using old materials to reduce waste and conserve resources. By focusing on these factors, the environmental impact of maintaining such a monumental structure can be reduced while retaining its historical and cultural significance.

In conclusion, the Statue of Liberty, made of steel, copper and iron, symbolizes the iconic alliance between countries and the environmental complexity of large-scale creation. While steel offers structural energy, its production contributes to demanding environmental situations. The copper, critical to the appearance of the sculpture, is mined with ecological consequences, and the iron forming its skeleton presents similarly challenging situations. Despite these influences, ongoing maintenance efforts prioritize preserving the statue's cultural significance while adopting sustainable practices. Responsible sourcing, energy-efficient production and ecological transport serve to reduce environmental damage. Balancing conservation and environmental stewardship ensures that the Statue of Liberty will support future generations while minimizing its ecological footprint.

Bibliography

“Building the Statue of Liberty: History & Facts.” DirtStories, 13 August 202‌0,

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copper.org/education/liberty/liberty_reclothed1.php. ‌

Scoboria, Evan. “The Statue of Liberty (Made of Copper, Iron, Granite and Gold).” The SKNY, 5 september 2023,

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engineering.purdue.edu/MSE/aboutus/gotmaterials/Parks/thomas.html

Navarro, Adriana. “The Changing Face of the Statue of Liberty.” Wkyc studios, www.wkyc.com/article/weather/accuweather/how-weather-impacts-changes-statue-of-liberty/507-88faf472-3244-4ae9-b65d-25acf8997883

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Hunter Boyenga

Jack Lowell, Trinh Nguyen

DES 40A

Professor Cogdell

Life Cycle Paper

Energy Sustainability in the Life Cycle of the Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty is a symbol of freedom and inspiration. Designed by a French sculptor, Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, he also collaborated with Gustave Eiffel for the engineering and logistics. The construction process was in France, and many copper deposits came from the Visnes copper mines on Karmøy island in Norway. Once the workers completed the statue, they disassembled it and shipped it to New York Harbor for its final installation. Finally, it was dedicated in New York on October 28th, 1886, and has stood the test of time. While the structure was initially brown, it only took 20 years for the bronze to oxidize and turn into the distinct green we see today. While the Statue of Liberty stands for many things in the United States, it has become a beacon of environmental sustainability. While the construction process in the late 19th century was not the most energy-efficient, the Statue of Liberty has made strides in the right direction—for example, new upgrades and renovations, like replacing the lighting system with LED lights. Since LED lights are more energy efficient and have a longer lifespan, installing solar panels on sight allows them to power different operations on the island. The HVAC systems were replaced and upgraded to optimize energy use and sustainability. The Statue of Liberty has not always been shining in the Hudson due to the pollutants in the copper mines or the construction in New York and France. However, the Statue of Liberty has turned around and become an icon of energy sustainability in its maintenance and operations through windmills and solar power.

The Statue of Liberty was constructed in France, but the raw materials had to come from all across Europe. The copper deposits were from the Visnes copper mine in Norway, mainly powered by steam power for its more mechanized operations. However, the leading embodied energy of the coal operation was primarily human labor, which accounted for most of the plant's daily operations. Eventually, the copper was transported by a ship or rail to wherever it was needed. The copper used for the Statue of Liberty most likely combined these two methods. Once the copper arrived in Paris, it was sculpted using a repoussé technique. This is when each piece of copper is hammered and shaped into whatever shape is needed. The copper is placed over a sizeable wooden mold that holds the original plastic mold. Once it is aligned, hammer the copper into the mold for the perfect shape (Tolles). So, for the molding, human energy was the primary power source. During construction, the copper pieces were attached to the interior structure of the building. Each sheet was riveted together, and they all connected along the support structure of the State of Liberty.

Once the statue was completed in France, it was disassembled into 350 pieces and shipped to New York. It was shipped aboard the French Isère, equipped with a steam engine and sails. There is not much documentation on the coal consumption the ship used during its journey, but based on the duration of the voyage being around 3,300 nautical miles and an average coal consumption of around 1.5 tons per hour. The power needed to transport the Statue of Liberty was around 9,900 gigajoules, roughly around the same amount of energy required to run 256 households annually. Once the pieces reached New York, they were put back together atop a new pedestal made using concrete. Each layer of concrete was made using cranes powered by steam engines that used wood as their fuel source. The pedestal was also lined with granite from Connecticut quarries brought in through steamboats (Grigsby, Darcy). The Statue of Liberty consumed much energy through construction because it was built, disassembled, moved, and then built again. This method of constructing the Statue of Liberty did not consider the energy consumption this project would produce. This is in line with the period since this is right after the wake of the Industrial Revolution, which started mass production, and the need for more energy rises. This started changing during the conservation and green movements when energy sustainability and nature conservation finally became a priority.

Over the past few decades, the Statue of Liberty has undergone multiple changes and renovations to become more sustainable for visitors and future generations—for example, the transition towards LED Bulbs, completed during a renovation in 2015. The old system used incandescent bulbs and would use around 365,000 kilowatt-hours per year. The new LED lighting system uses only 54,750 kilowatt-hours per year to power the entire lighting for the Statue of Liberty at night. This has already saved 2,792,250 (kWh), and this new system has only been in place for nine years. Overall, this has significantly reduced energy consumption and operation costs and reduced the environmental impact associated with electricity generation. Another initiative was renovating the HVAC system throughout the entire building, aiming to increase energy efficiency by updating certain island parts. Some improvements were high-efficiency heat pumps, which transfer heat rather than generate new heat through more electricity. The latest heat pumps work with the variable refrigerant flow system, another system used for precise temperature control. It controls where the refrigerant goes and targets specific areas rather than cooling down the entire building. Another addition was the energy recovery ventilators, which improve air quality while saving energy for the HVAC system. There is no specific information on the cost benefits for the Statue of Liberty. Still, in other similar-scaled facilities, HVAC has made an enormous impact not only on the environment but on the cost of electricity as well. For the average commercial building, these new HVAC systems can save 40% of the energy produced by the old HVAC system. With these improvements, the museum for the Statue of Liberty received a LEED certification in 2019, a far cry from the copper mines during the Industrial Revolution. The local initiatives and renovations are just one part of how the Statue of Liberty has become more sustainable because of solar and wind power investments.

The Statue of Liberty stands tall in the Hudson River, exposed to sun and wind all day. The island could have produced its energy and become somewhat self-sufficient. So, back in 2006, the government started looking into more sustainable initiatives, which started the movement towards making the Statue of Liberty genuinely green. An early shift was the movement towards more renewable sources of power generation through wind. The mayor, Michael Bloomberg, even supported this and wanted to see the Statue of Liberty lighting the path for new immigrants and new green energy developments. With support from the mayor and government leaders, the Statue of Liberty began transitioning away from fossil fuel electricity in 2006. They have partnered with Pepco Energy Services to light Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty. The government annually buys 9 million kilowatt hours from Pepco Energy, based in West Virginia and Pennsylvania. Each location has an extensive wind farm that generates electricity for millions in the Northeast. This step forward was fought because the cost from the wind farm cost 1.5 times more than traditional fossil fuels electricity. An excerpt from the New York Times elaborates, "Since 2006, the federal government has been buying about nine million kilowatt hours of wind power annually from Pepco Energy Services to light the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island. Pepco, in turn, gets the electricity from wind farms in West Virginia and Pennsylvania. The power costs about a half-cent per kilowatt hour more than the government would otherwise pay." (Roberts). However, the city and significant believed investing in the movement towards renewable energy would be worth the cost. Another investment was the addition of solar panels on top of the Statue of Liberty museum, which were just recently installed. This was part of a new project that was finished in 2019, which aimed to keep the Statue of Liberty more self-sufficient and sustainable. Some of these improvements led to the new building becoming LEED-certified because of the practices they decided to implement. The move towards Environmental and sustainable energy practices has made its mark, as Lady Liberty's green runs deep from policy to renovations.

Sustainable practices and renewable energy clearly define the Statue of Liberty's longevity. The Statue of Liberty's early history and construction were built when sustainability and green energy were not the highest priorities. The Statue of Liberty was constructed in Paris and then transported to New York, where it was reconstructed. The transportation and reconstruction of the Statue of Liberty required a significant amount of energy. After the statue was built, it underwent many renovations and upgrades. For example, they installed new LED lighting and updated HVAC systems. Both were essential parts in this more significant effort to have the statue truly shine green. However, the partnership with Pepco Energy was not only an investment in the future of the Statue of Liberty but also a greener future. The life cycle of the Statue of Liberty has just begun, and we have yet to get to the point where we need to recycle or scrap this great monument. In some ways, this new energy-efficiency infrastructure is a new start for Lady Liberty as she shines her light across from sea to shining sea.

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Jack Lowell

Hunter Boyenga, Trinh Nguyen

DES 40A

Professor Cogdell

Emissions and Waste Within Large Scale Copper Sculptures

Introduction

While the creation of the Statue of Liberty was not only a momentous occasion, showcasing the power and innovation of man, it also served as a profound insight into the late stages of the Industrial Revolution. This statue, a symbol of freedom and democracy, stands as an artifact, displaying the era’s technological advancements and industrial capabilities. However, reflecting on its construction, we realize that the statue’s assembly released a vast supply of carbon emissions through various practices. These included extensive mineral excavation, constant waste, inefficient transportation methods, large-scale construction activities, and constant preservation efforts over the years. The environmental cost of this highlights the backwards momentum of human progress during the industrial age—advancements in engineering and technology often came at the expense of environmental degradation. This historical perspective allows us to better understand the complex relationship between industrial development and its environmental impact.

Construction

Throughout the construction of the Statue of Liberty, significant emissions were generated by the machinery and technologies prevalent during that era. The project heavily relied on steam engines, which were the primary mover of the late 19th-century. These engines were primarily powered by coal, the dominant fuel source of the time. The volume of coal required was substantial, as coal was the primary mover of energy for both construction machinery and transportation. Each pound of coal burned produced approximately two pounds of CO2 emissions, creating a considerable environmental burden. The inefficiency of steam engines (roughly 10% -15%) enhanced this issue, as they consumed even more coal for relatively little energy output. This combination of high coal consumption and low efficiency significantly contributed to the overall CO2 emissions associated with the statue's construction. The environmental impact of these emissions was shocking, especially when considering the forward movement into the usage of fossil fuels in the industrial revolution. This reliance not only pushed technological advancements but also disregarded the environmental costs that followed.

Maintenance

Another contributing factor causing negative environmental impacts from the Statue of Liberty has been due to the constant preservation efforts put forth by the SOLEIF (Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation). These efforts include replacement of old faulty construction such as the elevators, rusted iron bars, and significant parts of the torch and crown rays. Alongside these replacements, the preservation efforts have largely been focused on the customization in the attributes of the island. By moving electrical systems, integrating heating/cooling systems, and creating stronger foundations, the SOLEIF has continued to push out CO2 emissions in the aim to preserve the structural integrity of the famous statue. Additionally, the use of modern materials and construction techniques often involves energy-intensive processes, further contributing to the carbon footprint. For instance, the installation of advanced climate control systems requires energy not only for their operation but also emits greenhouse gasses due to the nature of electricity being a secondary energy source. Furthermore, the transportation of materials and equipment to Liberty Island, whether by ship or helicopter, adds another layer of emissions. All these activities, though crucial for maintaining the statue, illustrate the ongoing environmental cost associated with its preservation.

Transportation

The environmental impact of the Statue of Liberty extends beyond its construction and preservation to the methods used for its transportation. During both the planning and construction of the statue, large pollutants were released into the air due to the extensive use of steam engines integrated into various modes of transportation. This reliance on steam-powered machinery was emblematic of the era's technological advancements, but it came with significant environmental costs.

Ships were the largest category of transportation to utilize steam engines, enabling them to carry heavy loads across long distances. The most notable ship in the transportation of the Statue of Liberty, the Isère, was a steam-powered vessel equipped with dual propeller shafts. To carry large and heavy cargo over extreme distances, the Isère required an immense amount of coal. As described in the previous paragraph, coal was the primary mover of the time, but its effects on the environment were profoundly damaging. The coal combustion process not only emitted large quantities of CO2, but other pollutants such as methane, contributing to air pollution. This extensive use of coal-powered transportation undermines the broader environmental challenges faced during the Industrial Revolution.

Raw Materials

The largest contributor towards CO2 emissions in the process of the Statue of Liberty was the incredible amount of minerals and different materials used. The statue itself was composed of nearly 62,000 pounds of copper at roughly 1/8th of an inch thick across its entire shell. Copper itself makes up the largest percentage of metal mining and processing wastes generated in the United States. The mining alone of copper generates over 4 pounds of carbon emissions for every pound of copper mined. This paired with the refining, melting, and waste management of copper makes it a leading mineral in air pollution. Not only the copper is to blame though. In fact, the process of copper mining makes up less than 0.5% of the state's carbon emissions. The largest contributor goes to the concrete needed for the statue's pedestal. At roughly 54 million pounds of concrete, and a conversion rate of 0.93 pounds of CO2 per pound of concrete, the manufacturing for the concrete in the pedestal alone contributed over 50 million pounds of CO2. Add on top the large amounts of pollution due to the copper mining, refining, and waste pollutants and the disparity in carbon emissions due to mineral excavation becomes clear.

Waste Management

Following not only the extraction of copper for use in the Statue of Liberty, the process of excavation creates large amounts of copper waste. This leads us to a new form of environmental danger: residual waste. Copper leaves a significant amount of residual waste as it cannot be broken down after its use. This is one of the reasons that abandoned scrap copper can be so damaging to the environment. During the mining process, large quantities of rock and soil are removed to access copper ore, resulting in massive piles of waste material, known as tailings. These tailings often contain harmful chemicals and heavy metals, which can leach into the soil and water, contaminating the environment. Additionally, the smelting and refining processes used to purify copper release toxic gasses and small particulates into the atmosphere, contributing to air pollution and posing health risks to nearby communities.

Conclusion

In summary, the construction of the statue of liberty was a large indicator in future emission levels to come. Due to the consumption of coal for steam engines in construction, the constant replacement of metals for upkeep, the immense engine power via transportation, the mind boggling expenditure in mineral excavation, and large amounts of copper waste, we can see how the statue’s assembly released vast amounts of carbon emissions and toxic particulates into the atmosphere. This large creation, while important to the history of the country, is an obvious sign of our ignorance towards toxic emissions.

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